Green Deal Reloaded - Towards a New Green Industrial Policy in Europe

Concretely, this means that the automotive industry, for example, must set up competitive and carbon-neutral vehicle and battery production within Europe. With a turnover of € 436 billion, it is Germany’s main industrial sector. By way of comparison: in Germany, the automotive sector employs 833,000 people, or 11.8% of the workforce in the manufacturing industry, against 7.4% in France. But German production lines are designed for combustion engines, which are slated to disappear from our roads in the course of the 2030s. This is the climate imperative, and it puts Germany in a difficult situation. Countries like Japan, which began making electric vehicles early on, are now market leaders, and even battery production is based primarily in other parts of the world. Europe is therefore right to want to set up its own production. However sustainable battery production also involves skills and capacities for battery recycling. This recycling must be envisioned on a Europe-wide scale if the EU is to remain a leader in this technology, and take advantage of synergies and economies of scale.

Basic industries, heavy consumers of energy, also face challenges that are primarily economic in nature, as shown in a study by the Berlin think tank Agora Energiewende. Technically speaking, manufacturing CO2 neutral steel is already possible, for example, but it is far from being competitive. Yet by 2030 many production facilities will need to be updated. In the chemicals industry, industrial process heat must be produced in a way that does not impact the climate - it can be done with electricity, but the process is very expensive. In the aluminum industry, innovative approaches are currently being developed, such as the flexible electrolysis of aluminum; and the cement industry is moving towards carbon neutrality thanks to increases in the proportion of recycled materials used, and more recently, through carbon sequestration. Still, key technologies that are low in CO2 emissions are currently suffering in the face of weak demand for climate-neutral products, and the costs of reducing emissions remain well above the price of CO2 on the emissions market. Since climate protection cannot wait for emissions trading to raise prices sufficiently, it is up to states to set this dynamic in motion by creating the right mix of market incentives, subsidies and regulatory requirements all along the industrial value chain, to accelerate the innovation cycle and encourage investments for the future. These might be new catalysts, innovative processes using biomass, e-crackers, cement recycling, heating processes based on current and hydrogen, or even digital processes.

The development of these new technological and climate-neutral processes is in itself an opportunity for German and European industrial facilities to position themselves against global competition. After all, the EU’s goal should be to set new global standards for carbon-neutral products and technologies, and to supply the constantly growing market for environmentally friendly products.

Market incentives are an essential component of a green industrial policy

In many areas, the EU already has an effective climate policy. The European Emissions Trading System, initially thought to be all bark and no bite, has developed successfully and has been influencing the European electricity sector for around three years: today, coal power plants are no longer profitable. On the other hand, in Germany, energy-intensive industries are still protected from potential competition by a number of specific regulations that afford them compensation for the price of electricity, easy allocation of emissions certificates and the "Spitzenausgleich" (tax exemptions protecting the competitiveness of high energy-consuming sectors) which altogether mean that CO2 pricing creates very little incentive for change outside the electricity sector.

To deal with this dilemma, in March 2020 the European Commission presented an Inception Impact Assessment on the establishment of a mechanism for adjusting carbon emissions at the borders of Europe (CBAM), which will hopefully replace the other rather opaque special regulations, and strengthen market incentives.

Good green industrial policy makes for stable and resilient industry

Since industry is usually let off the hook whenever new policies are implemented, one cannot help but be impressed by Germany’s recent initiatives for accelerating the development of renewable energy, which include clear objectives such as a series of climate-protection measures. Certainly, climate pricing incentives are important to compensate for the economic costs of climate protection and to ensure that companies factor the external costs of climate change into their calculations. But green investment must also be matched with a targeted green industrial policy that is harmonized at the European level, and that encourages investment and innovation. This is where we see the usefulness of targeted innovation incentives such as Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfD), a version of financial market "contracts for difference" that allows the state to cover the additional costs of an investment. CCfDs are also being considered as an option in the German National Hydrogen Strategy and in the recent initiatives of the German Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy. Their final form is yet to be established, as is the reform of the aid directives, however the legal implementation must take place quickly if upcoming investments are to be oriented toward climate neutrality. A European green industrial policy that promotes investment and innovation could also be inspired by pioneering innovations developed in Germany in the field of green tech or cleantech - "clean technologies" that have already reached technical maturity and economic viability. These include renewable energies, but also products from the manufacturing industry, whose innovations have always been driven by a concern for efficiency and quality.

And the trio of ESG criteria (Environmental, Social, Governance) creates clear standards for financial investments which can help activate industry transformation. Here as well it would be desirable for the EU to impose more stringent requirements, in order to ensure the sustainability of subsidized and credit-financed investments.

Franco-German moves toward a European green industrial policy

If Europe is to achieve climate neutrality, there must be green investment based on long cycles of reinvestment. Together with a green industrial policy that is smart, targeted and harmonized across Europe, this would stabilize European industry and make Europe a technological leader in carbon-neutral processes and products. What is required is a combination of market incentives (such as emissions trading), investment aid, regulatory measures and temporary protection against carbon leakage. The European Green Deal and post-Covid stimulus programs make important first steps, but they must be more firmly grounded in climate neutrality. This is where Franco-German cooperation can create momentum. In May 2019, Chancellor Angela Merkel and President Emmanuel Macron proposed a minimum price for CO2 - a carbon price floor - and announced joint initiatives targeting climate protection and innovation in the digital and automotive sectors. France and Germany should implement these initiatives resolutely, and harness the tools of the European Green Deal to achieve climate neutrality.


Copyright: Ina FASSBENDER / AFP